1. (10 points) In highly active muscle, protein is often used as fuel. Alanine makes up a large amount of muscle protein and can easily be used for energy production. Alanine can be converted to pyruvate using the enzyme alanine dehydrogenase found in the cytosol. The reaction is seen below. alanine+H2O+NAD+pyruvate+NADH+NH4+ a) S

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1. (10 points) In highly active muscle, protein is often used as fuel. Alanine makes up a large amount of muscle protein and can easily be used for energy production. Alanine can be converted to pyruvate using the enzyme alanine dehydrogenase found in the cytosol. The reaction is seen below.

alanine + H_{2} O + NAD^{+} \to pyruvate + NADH + NH_{4}^{+}

a) Starting with 1 molecule of alanine that is completely oxidized to

CO_{2}

, how many

NADH

and

FADH_{2}

are produced? Make sure to show the steps/pathways involved to get from alanine to

CO_{2}

. indicating the number of reduced electron formed in each step/pathway. b) What is the maximum yield of ATP in the mitochondria of the muscle if all reduced NADH and

FADH_{2}

are oxidized via electron transport and all pumped protons are used to produce ATP? You must show work.

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