(Solved): 1. Define the terms energy, energetics, bioenergetics, biological work, and thermodynamics. 2. List ...

1. Define the terms energy, energetics, bioenergetics, biological work, and thermodynamics. 2. List and describe the forms of energy (e.g. light energy), the forms of biological work (e.g., muscle contraction), and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. 3. List and describe the usable and storage forms of macronutrients used for energy production during exercise including carbohydrates (e.g.r glucose and glycogen), fats (e.g., free fatty acid, stearic acid, triglyceride). 4. Describe the role of enzymes (e.g., ATPase) and coenzymes (e.g., NADH) in biological reactions (endergonic and exergonic) including oxidation-reduction reactions. 5. Describe the structure and role of ATP (and other high energy compounds) in energy transfer and explain the amount of energy released from ATP in the body. 6. Identify the bioenergetic pathways (energy systems) used during exercise including the phosphagen system (ATP-CP system), the lactic acid system (glycolytic metabolism), and the aerobic system (oxidative metabolism). 7. Overview the energy systems and describe their roles in providing energy to resynthesize ATP based on the intensity and duration of the exercise performed. 8. Describe the phosphagen system (ATP-CP system) with regard to: (1) the specific method of ATP production, (2) the fuel used, (3) the reason it fatigues, \( (4) \) its capacity (total amount of ATP made in moles) and power (rate at which ATP is made in moles/min), (5) its enzyme regulation, and (6) the types of activities for which it is the predominant source of ATP (e.g., \( 100 \mathrm{~m} \) run). 9. Describe the lactic acid system with regard to: (1) the specific method of ATP production including the individual reactions of glycolysis, (2) the sources of fuel (blood glucose and muscle glycogen), (3) the by-products made and the reason it fatigues, (4) its capacity and power, (5) its enzyme regulation, and (6) the types of activities for which it is the predominant source of ATP (e.g., \( 400 \mathrm{~m} \) run). 10. Overview the multiple pathways involved in the production of ATP through the aerobic system including: (1) slow glycolysis, (2) fat oxidation, (3) protein catabolism, (4) the Krebs cycle, and (5) electron transport chain.