(Solved): 1) Respond to the following questions about the cytokines II-1 and TNF: a) What stimulates macropha ...

1) Respond to the following questions about the cytokines II-1 and TNF: a) What stimulates macrophages to make IL-1 and TNF? b) What effects do IL-1 and TNF have on the endothelial cells of the blood vessels that allow neutrophils to move from the bloodstream into the tissues? 2) How do the following complement fragments generated during complement activation further increase the inflammatory response to microbes? a) $\mathrm{C}3\mathrm{a}$ and $\mathrm{C}5\mathrm{a}$ b) $\mathrm{C}3\mathrm{b}$