An article reported on a study in which each of 13 workers was provided with both a conventional shovel and a shovel whose blade was perforated with small holes. The authors of the cited article provided the following data on energy expenditure [kcal/kg(subject)/lb(clay)].
| Worker: | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Conventional: | 0.0016 | 0.0015 | 0.0018 | 0.0022 | 0.001 | 0.0016 | 0.0028 |
| Perforated: | 0.0016 | 0.001 | 0.0019 | 0.0013 | 0.0011 | 0.0017 | 0.0024 |
| Worker: | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | |
| Conventional: | 0.0029 | 0.0015 | 0.0014 | 0.0023 | 0.0017 | 0.002 | |
| Perforated: | 0.0029 | 0.0013 | 0.0013 | 0.0017 | 0.0015 | 0.0013 |
Do these data provide convincing evidence that the mean energy expenditure using the conventional shovel exceeds that using the perforated shovel? Test the relevant hypotheses using a significance level of 0.05. (Use ????d = ????conventional − ????perforated.)
Find the test statistic. (Round your answer to two decimal places.)
t =
Find the df.
df =
Use technology to find the P-value. (Round your answer to four decimal places.)
P-value =