(b) With the explosive growth of biology, biological data accumulate in an increasing rate. At present, theoretical biology does not have its fundamental principles that could offer biological insight. In this situation, it is advisable for biology to learn from its older brother, physics. The most powerful tool of physics is the action principle, from which all the fundamental laws of physics can be derived in their most elegant form. We show that today’s physics is far from utilizing the full potential of the action principle. This circumstance is almost inevitable, since it belongs to the nature of the physical
problems that the endpoint of the action principle is fixed already by the initial
conditions, and that physical behavior in most cases corresponds to the minimal form of
the action principle. Actually, the mathematical form of the action principle allows also
endpoints corresponding to the maximum of the action. We show that when we endow
the action principle with this overlooked possibility, it gains an enormous additional
power, which, perhaps surprisingly, directly corresponds to biological behavior. The
biological version of the least action principle is the most action principle. It is
characteristically biological to strive to the most action, instead of manifesting inert
behavior corresponding to the least action. A fallen body in classical physics cannot
select its endpoint. How is it possible that a fallen bird can select the endpoint of its
trajectory? We consider how the photon “selects” its endpoint in the classical and the
extended double-slit experiments, and propose a new causal interpretation of quantum
physics. We show that “spontaneous targeting” observed in living organisms is a direct
manifestation of the causally determined quantum processes. For the first time, we
formulate here the first principle of biology in a mathematical form and present some of its applications of primary importance. We indicate that the general phenomenon of
biological homing relies on long-range cooperative forces between biomolecules including mechanical, electromagnetic and osmotic forces. We show how theoretical
biology beyond the quantum level can shed light to the properties of elementary
consciousness.
(i)What is being explained?
(ii)What is the explanation?
(iii)What conclusion can be drawn about the above explanation?
(c) A remarkable fact is that many of the great scientists and mathematicians in history have a deep interest in music. Einstein, for example, was devoted amateur violinist, and Newton is said to have been fascinated by the mathematical structure of musical compositions. If you want your child to pursue a career in science, you would be well advised to do everything you can develop his or her interest in music.
d) The above passage involves THREE fallacies. Comment on every one you find in a detailed way.
*Answer Typed please*