Describe four characteristics each of controlled and automatic processing. Explain how the characteristics differ between the two processes. In addition, provide two examples of a controlled skill and two examples of an automatic skill. Explain how the selected characteristics apply to your specific examples. Answer and explanations CONTROLLED PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS: -They are fully conscious and intentional, because they are capable of control from beginning to end, by the person and because they require more time and more cognitive effort. -They are the processes that we start when we have to make an important decision or make a difficult choice. - When we study and seek a solution to a problem, before putting a decision into practice, you can decide through a deliberative process in which the person considers the options they have and weighs all the information in favor and against each one. -can implement the decision taken to solve a problem. -Controlled processes are processes that are under the flexible and intentional control of an individual in a conscious state, for that reason they are forced and limited by the amount of care resources available at this time. EXAMPLES OF CONTROLLED PROCESSES: -A controlled process is an intentionally initiated sequence of cognitive activities. In other words, when attention is required for a task, we are consciously aware and in control. -Controlled processes force us to think about situations, evaluate and make decisions. An example would be reading this article. We are required to read and understand the concepts of these processes and it requires effort to think conceptually. Controlled processes are believed to be slower, as by definition they require tight control; Therefore, they generally cannot be carried out simultaneously with other controlled processes without switching tasks or degrading performance. Therefore, the downside of controlled processes is that humans have a limited ability to openly control behavior. With limited processing capacity, controlled processing places considerable limitations on speed and multitasking. -In one study, participants were randomly assigned to two groups, one of them required one task (a small cognitive load) and the other required two tasks (a heavy cognitive load). In the single-task group, participants were told to listen to an anti or pro-abortion speech and had to diagnose the speaker's attitude toward abortion. The two-task group had the same initial assignment, but had to exchange views with the speaker and then take their place. Both groups were specifically advised that further instructions would be given in a next step. In participants in the two-task group, their cognitive load was affected and they performed their tasks worse than those in the one-task group, as they had the next task in mind (they had an additional cognitive load). Basically the more tasks you try to manage at the same time, the more performance will suffer. AUTOMATIC PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS: -Automatic processes are involuntary, do not require effort (do not consume a minimum amount of processing), and occur outside of consciousness. -An automatic process can be produced without the need for attention and awareness about the initiation or operation of the process, and without resorting to general processing resources or interfering with other concurrent processes. -Those that occur before consciousness (pre-conscious); -Those that require some kind of conscious processing but that produce an unwanted result (post-conscious); -Those that require a specific type of intentionally targeted processing (target dependent). EXAMPLES OF AUTOMATIC SKILL: Tentetieso experiment In the classic tentative experiment, a group of children watches a video of an adult acting aggressively toward a tentative. Later, when the child is brought into the room with this same doll, the child who has seen the video is more likely to repeat the aggression than the children who have not seen the video. Teacher experiment In another study, a part of the participants in a group were trained under the stereotype of a teacher, making them imagine a typical teacher for 5 min and include (consciously) the behavior, lifestyle and appearance attributes of a typical teacher. After being prepared, both groups were asked to complete a general knowledge task. The results of the participants under the stereotype of teacher surpassed those of the participants who had not been prepared with this condition. Step-by-step explanation EXPLANATION: AUTOMATIC PROCESSES: Pre-conscious The pre-conscious automatic only requires the proximal stimulus of the event that is triggered, and it occurs before or in the absence of a conscious awareness of this event. How they occur without our conscience, they are uncontrollable and made almost effortless. Many previous studies suggest that the mere perception of the physical behavior of others, as well as the abs