In a cognitive psychology experiment, the researcher is interested in whether the encoding condition has a significant effect on memory for a set of drawings. In encoding condition A, subjects are asked to name the object in each drawing; in encoding condition B, subjects are asked to name the color of each drawing. Then all subjects are tested on their memory of the drawings. Each recruited subject is randomly assigned to either encoding condition A or encoding condition B.
Based on memory theories, the researcher hypothesized that condition A (object naming) would lead to significantly better memory compared to condition B (color naming), and she sets the significance level at α = .01 for a one-tailed test.
| Subject ID | Encoding A | Subject ID | Encoding B | |
| 1 | 77 | 13 | 86 | |
| 2 | 82 | 14 | 83 | |
| 3 | 90 | 15 | 80 | |
| 4 | 78 | 16 | 77 | |
| 5 | 92 | 17 | 91 | |
| 6 | 83 | 18 | 90 | |
| 7 | 91 | 19 | 88 | |
| 8 | 87 | 20 | 77 | |
| 9 | 91 | 21 | 87 | |
| 10 | 79 | 22 | 76 | |
| 11 | 85 | 23 | 84 | |
| 12 | 92 | 24 | 89 |
2. Create the null and alternative hypotheses (directional) for this study, using both words and symbol notation