Olga, a U.S. citizen, writes and publishes a book. Pedro, a citizen of a country that has not signed the Berne Convention, writes a book and then publishes it in the United States. Canada has signed the Berne Convention. Does Canada have to recognize Olga’s copyright? Does Canada have to recognize Pedro’s copyright? Canada must recognize Olga’s and Pedro’s copyrights. The Berne Convention is discretionary and not mandatory, so it is up to Canada to decide what to do under the concept of sovereignty. Canada must recognize Olga’s copyright but must not recognize Pedro’s copyright because he is a citizen of a country that has not signed the Berne Convention. Canada must not recognize Pedro’s copyright because he is a citizen of a country that has not signed the Berne Convention. In addition, since Canada must not recognize Pedro’s copyright, Canada also must not recognize Olga’s copyright for consistency.