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(Solved): The sample covariance between the random variables X and Y is: N1i=1N ...



The sample covariance between the random variables \( X \) and \( Y \) is:
\[
\frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^{N}\left(X_{i}-\bar{X}\r???????

The sample covariance between the random variables and is: Prove that this is identical to the following alternative specification:


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Let N be the number of observations, X_i be the value of the random variable X for the i-th observ
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